​🢆

The report also notes that a little over 45000 of these probationers are foreign nationals – according to the data provided by 17 EU probation services. Additionally, according to the CoE’s latest SPACE I report (Aebi & Tiago, 2021a), “15% of the inmates held in Europe are foreigners, [although it] differs substantially across nations” (Aebi & Tiago, 2021b, p. 5).

In fact, foreigners seem to be overrepresented in the prison population of various EU jurisdictions, such as Austria (53%), Belgium (43%), and Italy (33%) (Aebi & Tiago, 2021a;), therefore indicating a tendency of judges and magistrates to resort to custodial measures in lieu of probation measures or alternative sentences (Hammond, 2017; Montaldo, 2020).

​🢆

Furthermore, Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, and Romania are among the countries with the largest probationer population. The first five are also positioned in the top 10 regarding the largest numbers of foreign probationers (Aebi & Hashimoto, 2019). On a further note,  Romania has  also  been  known  to  have  a  rather  high number  of  nationals imprisoned  abroad  or  serving  probation measures/alternative sanctions (Bird et al., 2015).

​In this context, the New Strategic Agenda for the Union 2019-2024 names the protection of its citizens and freedoms as its first priority  (Council  of  the  European  Union  [CEU],  2019),  a  goal  that  goes  hand  in  hand with  international  judicial  cooperation amongst its Member States (EU MSs).

In terms of judicial practices, the project of European integration promotes the usage of  alternative  sanctions  to  detention  as  one  of  the  fundamental  elements  towards  a  more  productive  strategy  of  social rehabilitation  and  reintegration  of  offenders  (CEU,  2019).

​🢆

​Taking  into  account  the  associated  consequences  and  difficulties faced by this non-negligible number of foreign national probationers, and the central objective of achieving social rehabilitation of  offenders,  Framework  Decision  (FD)  2008/947 for  Mutual  recognition  of  probation  measures  and  alternative  sanctions focuses precisely on governing the transfer of these individuals amongst EUMSs (CEU, 2009).

After a troublesome path to achieve the instrument’s transposition to national legislation, many obstacles to the full implementation of this FD persist, especially in what concerns its usage by professionals.

​In fact, according to the findings of a survey carried by the European Judicial Network (EJN), mutual recognition instruments such as FD 2008/947 are not commonly used by practitioners in EUMSs for various reasons (EJN Secretariat, 2019).  Concretely, the number of times the instrument was activated by Austria, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Portugal altogether barely reaches 50 (EJN Secretariat, 2019).